Was Prohibition Successful in the 1920s - 551 Words

In the late 1910s, when the catastrophic war in Europe eventually ended, the world was still rebuilding itself. New orders and Feminism arose, and among those innovations, the Prohibition in North America was debated most. Some argue that the prohibition is a success because it did half the alcohol consumption and gained status for women. However to me it was unsuccessful, because it made unscrupulous people wealthy, did not decrease alcohol abuse, and made citizens disregard the federal law. First, the prohibition significantly encouraged gansterism in the 1920s, when the mafia raised a considerable amount of money by selling alcohol underground. They even became more wealthy and powerful then the local government and took control of city affairs. Probably the most famous, and infamous mafia was Al Capone, who was a Italian descent grew up in New York City, and later started to smuggling illegal alcohols into Chicago city in the 1920s. He also participated in elections and controlle d government officials by using patronage. In the late 1920s he had raised billions of money, and he was nicknamed â€Å"Chicago’s underground mayor†. Even when he abandoned his career after he was released from the prison in the 1930s, he kept about 8 million of properties still. Hence by enforcing prohibition, the government gave chances for gangsters to develop rapidly and may trigger some chaos as well as corruption. By using patronage, the mafias also gained lots of authorities for dirty workShow MoreRelatedThe Street Empire916 Words   |  4 Pagesnone as thriving as the 1920s era, labeled the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†. The 1920s era saw great political and social change to the United States society. The US economy blossomed, and the nations total wealth more than doubled in the 1920s era. As a result of this social and political change as well as the success of the economy, transformed many Americans into a consumer society. The great economic success duri ng the time period also created an excess of money to spend, which was used and spent aimlesslyRead MoreAmerica in the 1920s762 Words   |  4 PagesWhich were the more typical of 1920s of America: Prohibition and intolerance or the Jazz Age and increasing social freedom? The 1920’s were seen as a prosperous time for America, judging by the increasing economic strength, the development of new industries and new methods of production and, by the time of rebellion and liberation that came with it. The 1920’s are often reffered to as the ‘Roaring Twenties’ or the Jazz Age, a period of great fun and enjoyment. However, not everyone agreed withRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1506 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"By 1929 it was estimated that there were 219,000 speakeasies in the United States, 32,000 of which were in New York City† (Boardman 71). People of the 1920s used Prohibition to get ahead in society by selling alcohol illegally. F. Scott Fitzgerald, wrote, The Great Gatsby, which takes place in Long Island, near New York City, during the 1920s. In the novel, the main character, Jay Gatsby, is a successful man who has participated in shady businesses to get what he wants. In, The Great Gatsby, FitzgeraldR ead MoreProhibition in the Great Gatsby1355 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1920s were greatly influenced by prohibition. The prohibition law restricted the manufacturing, consumption, transportation, and sale of alcohol. The law was put into effect to lower the crime and corruption rates in the United States in the 1920s. It was also said to reduce social problems and lower taxes. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald examines the negative repercussions of prohibition on the economy, characters in the Great Gatsby, and on the different social classes of the 1920sRead MoreAl Capone : The Ruthless Gangster1222 Words   |  5 Pagesof the distribution and consumption of alcohol, the Prohibition Act. Most of Capone’s profits came from his disobedience to the act which was successful due to the few tactics he utilized. Throughout the 1920s, Capone was known for being a successful criminal and almost made Prohibition nonexistent. Capone is credited for most of the illegal distributi on of alcohol by using violence to threaten opposing gangs. Al Capone was the most successful distributor of alcohol due to bribing law enforcementsRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920 Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagesand Fall of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s The second Ku Klux Klan lasted between 1915 to 1944 but predominantly rose and fell during the 1920s. The Ku Klux Klan was a white supremacist group with millions of members who brutally tortured and killed anyone who was not a white American. The Ku Klux Klan were known for their white robes, cone hats, and covered faces that disguised their identities. The second Ku Klux Klan’s most important part of it’s history was it’s dramatic rise and fall. The KuRead MoreEssay on Herbert Hoover1312 Words   |  6 PagesFor nearly 14 years—from Jan. 29, 1920, until Dec. 5, 1933--the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages was illegal in the United States. The 18th, or Prohibition, Amendment to the Constitution was passed by Congress and submitted to the states in 1917. By Jan. 29, 1919, it had been ratified. Enforcement legislation entitled the National Prohibition Act (or more popularly, the Volstead act, after Representative Andrew J. Volst ead of Minnesota) was passed on Oct. 28, 1919, over PresidentRead MoreThe Memorable Periold of the 1920s in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1168 Words   |  5 PagesThe 1920s was a memorable period in history because numerous notable events were occurring. Throughout the 1920s, commonly referred to as the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†, were the Women’s Rights Movement, Prohibition, and The Great War, among other events. Fitzgerald grew up during this era, which he described in his novel The Great Gatsby as a time when much sinfulness and immorality was occurring. Excessive drinking, extravagant parties, organized crime, and gambling were all major social issues throughoutRead MoreProhibition Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesProhibition The years leading into the 1920s and the prohibition movement were marked with saloons, drunkenness, and a society of increasing alcohol consumption. Americas changing social habits brought on the passage of the Eighteenth amendment in 1919, placing a nation-wide ban on intoxicating liquors. This amendment was to prevent the production, sale, and use of alcoholic beverages. As the new law was established, the problem of enforcing Americans to obey the law was a great taskRead MoreEssay on prohibition1665 Words   |  7 Pages Prohibition, which was also known as The Noble Experiment, lasted in America from 1920 until 1933. There are quite a few results of this experiment: innocent people suffered; organized crime grew into an empire; the police, courts, and politicians became increasingly corrupt; disrespect for the law grew; and the per capita consumption of the prohibited substance—alcohol—increased dramatically, year by year. These results increased each of the thirteen years of this Noble Experiment, and they never

Anorexia Nervosa- Eating Disorder - 1685 Words

Effects of anorexia are mostly seen on the outside of the victim’s body, but do not be fooled. This detrimental eating disorder affects one’s mind just as much as it would the body. What Anorexia does to the mind is that it distorts the way one views their body. Victims of anorexia become fixated on their body image and overly critical about their flaws and weight. Even being obviously underweight, Anorexics will continuously deny that they have a problem and continue with their fatal practices. One will continue to diet and take weight loss medication to get as thin as they see fit. The chemistry of the brain changes completely; your memory becomes bad, the brain’s ability to think is off, and extreme mood swings are prevalent. (Smith,†¦show more content†¦The disease causes one’s bones to thin. This is a risk because the bones become very weak and strained, which can cause fractures among other things. (Osteoporosis Center: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes, Prevention, and Diet and Exercise Recommendations.WebMD.) Another physical symptom of anorexia is kidney stones. Kidney stones are small crystallized growths in the kidneys that need to be urinated out of one’s body and can be extremely painful. Anorexia also causes kidney failure, and various other kidney related problems. (Smith, Melinda, M.A., and Jeanne Segal, Ph.D., Anorexia Nervosa. : Signs, Symptoms, Causes, And Treatment.) Since Anorexics take in food at a much slower rate than an average human being, essential vitamins and nutrients that are needed to allow the body to function, are not being provided. This causes decreased levels of potassium, magnesium, sodium, and various other important bodily fluids. (Smith, Melinda, M.A., and Jeanne Segal, Ph.D., Anorexia Nervosa. : Signs, Symptoms, Causes, And Treatment.) Probably one of the most important organs in the digestive system is the intestines. The intestines are highly affected by anorexia, and this result s in constipation and bloating. Bloating is when one’s stomach expands till it’s not the normal size. It’s usually very noticeable, especially in extremely thin people. Bloating couldShow MoreRelatedEating Disorder : Anorexia Nervosa1622 Words   |  7 Pages Bulimia Nervosa To be diagnosed with eating disorder, someone must meet certain criteria. The criterion for diagnosis slightly varies depending on if you are referring to people who (A) fear gaining weight, and have significant weight loss,(B) eating a huge amount of food , then use laxative to remove the binged food, (C) the use of excessive exercise and fasting in order to remove or to reduce the amount of calories consumed, and (D) distorted body image, no matter how thin they become, theyRead MoreEating Disorder : Anorexia Nervosa1658 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen affected by this disorder. The specific disorder that is being referred to in this paper, an eating disorder, is Anorexia Nervosa, the restricting type. An eating disorder â€Å"involve[s] disordered eating behaviors and maladaptive ways of controlling body weight† (Nevid, Rathus, Greene, 2014, p. 335). Another well-known eating disorder is Bulimia Nervosa which is characterized by binging and purging (Nevid, Rathus, Greene, 2014, p. 338). Bulimia is different than anorexia since victims of bulimiaRead MoreEating Disorders And Anorexia Nervosa Essay1948 Words   |  8 Pagesnotion of an â€Å"ideal† body and eating disorders, there is no consensus as to the root cause of eating disorders. The general belief is that eating disorders result from one or more biological, behavioral, and social factors including genetics, unpleasant experiences/trauma, peer pressure, teasing, and family members with eating disorders, among others. There are numerous types of eating disorders. Both women and men are affected by eating disorders each day. Eating disorders can occur from an early ageRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1493 Words   |  6 PagesIllness Paper – Anorexia Nervosa February 28, 2016 According to the Mayo Clinic (2016), eating disorders are â€Å"conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact your health, your emotions, and your ability to function in important areas of life.† One such eating disorder is anorexia nervosa. Not to be confused with anorexia, which is simply a general loss of appetite that can be attributed to many medical ailments, anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder and mental illnessRead MoreEating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa1653 Words   |  7 PagesAnorexia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa is one of several subtypes descending from feeding and eating disorders. It is a crippling life-threatening condition marked by a patient placing restriction on energy intake relative to needed energy requirements, resulting in a relentless pursuit of low body weight in the context of age, sex, development and physical health. According to American Psychiatric Publishing of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa, often timesRead MoreEating Disorders And Anorexia Nervosa947 Words   |  4 PagesEating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder consist of emotions, attitudes, and behaviors surrounding weight and food issues. Up to 24 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder in the U.S (ANAD, n.d.) bulimia nervosa as well as the other eating disorders are considered to be a female eating disorder, a disorder that only affects women which limits males to seek treatment let alone make aware to other that they suffer from bulimiaRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa974 Words   |  4 PagesI have always been intrigued with eating disorders, particularly Anorexia Nervosa. When I was 18 years of age, my mother questioned whether or not I was Anorexic and she took me to the family practitioner, who then informed me that I was three pounds shy from being considered underweight. I knew I was thin, but I was really thin, but also really proud of my size. In an African American urban environment being thin was related to illness and drug abuse. I was often teased about how thin and fragileRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa889 Words   |  4 PagesANAD Eating Disorder Statistics about thirty million people in America of all ages and genders suffer from one of the three main eating disorders. Many people suffer from more than one of the eating disorders. Only 1 in 10 individuals receive the treatment that is needed to recover(AND A). Often eating disorders are known to be triggered by outside factors in their life, but studies show that it is more likely to be a part of their genetics. According to Webster the definition of an â€Å"Eating Disorder†Read MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1462 Words   |  6 Pagessuffer from many illnesses, one in particular is eating disorders. There are many types of eating disorders, but there are three common ones that are known today, which are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Eating disorders are not healthy, this type of disease can be very fatal and crucial to one s health   mentally, physically, and socially. The purpose of this report is to provide background information about eating disorders, strategies to prevent this illness from occurringRead MoreEating Disorders And Anorexia Nervosa951 Words   |  4 PagesEating disorders are a sickness that can come from psychological issues and it can disrupt the everyday diet. â€Å"A person with an eating disorder may have started out just eating smaller or larger amounts of food, but at some point, the urge to eat less or more spir aled out of control.† The common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is when someone see’s themselves as an overweight person, so they watch what they eat since, they have a fear of becoming overweight

Direct And Indirect Restorations Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(29) " of failures at seven years\." Today with the of all time spread outing scope of renewing stuffs the tooth doctor needs to be cognizant of how long these Restorations are likely to last and the possible grounds for failure. This will maximize length of service of Restoration and prevent failure. The tooth doctor must besides hold a cognition of renewing stuffs advantages, disadvantages, indicants and contraindications. We will write a custom essay sample on Direct And Indirect Restorations Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now All this information will let the tooth doctor to choose the right renewing stuff for specific clinical state of affairss taking to long term clinical endurance of Restorations. Long term endurance of direct and indirect Restorations is dependent on the Restoration non neglecting â€Å" failure occurs when a Restoration reaches a degree of debasement that preludes proper clinical public presentation for either aesthetic or functional grounds of because of inability to forestall new disease † 1 Many factors contribute to the failure of a Restoration these include patient, operator and renewing stuff factors. In this literature reappraisal I will turn to the failure of direct and indirect posterior Restorations due to material factors independent of patient and operator factors such as clinical accomplishment degree of operator, tooth place and cavities rate. Purposes With respect to different stuffs for direct and indirect posterior Restorations I hope to: -Outline failure rates of direct and indirect buttocks Restorations -Outline manners of failure of direct and indirect buttocks Restorations -Outline briefly some advantages, disadvantages, indicants and contraindications of direct and indirect posterior Restorations. -Outline in some instances the factors that operators should see toreduce failure rates -Compare long term endurance of direct V indirect posterior Restoration failure Direct posterior Restorations Both amalgam and rosin complexs are indicated as direct category 1 and 2 posterior Restorations Direct buttocks amalgam Amalgam is one of the most normally used renewing stuffs worldwide in posterior direct Restoration today. Amalgam does n’t bond to tooth construction, contains quicksilver and is non aesthetic, but its low cost, straightforward managing process, rapid application and good path record of clinical public presentation in the past mean it continues to be the most convenient renewing stuff in posterior dentitions. In recent old ages at that place has been a diminution in its popularity due to public wellness concerns over its quicksilver content. Failure of amalgams can be every bit high as 6 % at seven old ages. 1 Failure of amalgam is chiefly due to 1. Secondary cavities 2. Tooth break 3. Gross amalgam break 4. Fringy dislocation Secondary cavities has been found to be the most common cause for amalgam failure accounting for 66 % of all failures in amalgam Restorations at seven years.1 Operative technique is of importance in bar of secondary cavities as taint of the readying by blood and spit, hapless matrix technique and hapless condensation lead to hapless adaptation of Restoration to the pit wall and overhangs which predispose to secondary cavities this can do Restoration failure due to tooth break and fringy breakdown.2 Tooth break can besides do amalgam failure. Amalgam does n’t bond to tooth construction and therefore does n’t reenforce the tooth, it is simply infinite filler and the tooth itself is weakened. It has been found that the bigger the Restoration including deepness and facial linguistic width the more likely the tooth is to fracture.3The ability of a tooth with an amalgam Restoration to defy break can be increased by fixing the enamel borders at an angle greater or equal to 90 degrees.4 This is because the enamel rods in the occlusal country of enamel are approximately parallel to the long axis of the tooth.5 it should be noted that defects like subsurface clefts formed during pit readying contribute significantly to early Restoration failure.6 It has been found that increased cusp break rates are linked to higher figure of surfaces restored increased patient age.7 Amalgam failure can besides originate as a consequence of gross amalgam break. This has been shown to account for about 33 % amalgam failures in one study.1 Amalgam has a low tensile strength which predisposes it to fracture particularly in load bearing countries. 1 Operator can cut down the opportunity of failure by holding pit readyings of equal deepness ( 2mm ) and by making circular internal line angles.8 Marginal dislocation of amalgam can take to failure. Incorrect cavo-surface angle can bring forth fringy surface dislocation and can take to secondary cavities doing failure. Marginal dislocation besides occurs as a consequence of delayed enlargement of amalgam but the add-on of Zn and big sums cooper to amalgam to increase mechanical belongingss has besides lead to a lessening in fringy break and longer service by the Restoration. 9 It should be noted that fringy dislocation of an amalgam is n’t a unequivocal diagnosing of secondary cavities or failure of an amalgam. Surveies have shown that secondary cavities is merely present in about 58 % of amalgams with ditched margins.10 Direct posterior Resin Composites Resin complexs are non presently the Restoration of pick for posterior dentitions because they are expensive, extremely technique sensitive, take more clip to topographic point and their clinical path record of clinical public presentation has n’t been every bit good as amalgam in the yesteryear. This state of affairs is altering as the public becomes more concerned by aesthetics and the wellness hazards associated with the quicksilver in amalgam. Resin complex is besides deriving popularity in the profession as the adhering systems improve and as the thought of conserving tooth construction becomes more of import. Failure of rosin complexs can be every bit high as 14 % at 7 old ages in posterior teeth.1 Assuming the right type of composite was chosen e.g. intercrossed or conventional. Failure of complexs is chiefly due to 1. Secondary cavities 2. Gross rosin composite break With wear, tooth break and staining causing failure of a little per centum of rosin complexs. Secondary cavities has been found to be the most common cause of rosin composite failure accounting for 88 % of failures at seven years. You read "Direct And Indirect Restorations Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples"1 However in another survey secondary cavities was found to be 2nd to tooth break at 6 old ages after which it became the primary ground for failure between 6-17 years.11 The chief ground for this is due to polymerization shrinking on scene of the rosin complex which can run 2.6 to 7.1 % 12 this can organize a fringy spread particularly in dentine where bonding is n’t as strong which can take to an immersion bacterium ( microleakage ) which can do secondary cavities. The hazard for secondary cavities besides increases with time11 and with the size of the cavity.1 The operator can cut down polymerisation shrinking and perchance secondary cavities by utilizing the incremental remedy technique. Gross rosin composite break is responsible for high per centum of rosin composite failures accounting for 12 % of failures at 7 years.1 Resin complex is a brickle stuff and hence tensile strength is dependent on surface coating. It is for this ground that we ever look at diametric tensile strength as a mention to fracture opposition. Its diametric tensile strength is low and as a consequence rosin complexs are prone to fracture.13 The break opposition is extremely dependent on filler burden of rosin complex with higher filler lading increasing break resistance14 so it is really of import operator chooses of a rosin complex with a high filler burden. Tooth break does n’t account for a important proportion of rosin composite failure this is due to the fact that rosin complexs bond to tooth construction and reenforce it against fracture.15 Wear is merely a factor for failure in bruxers in which instance you likely would n’t utilize resin composite if it was traveling to be subjected to high emphasiss. Colour is besides no longer a major issue for failure with one survey describing 94 % of rosin complex with acceptable coloring materials lucifer to adjacent dentitions after 17 years.16 This has besides improved with reduced aminoalkanes in the rosin complexs taking to less yellowing. It should be noted that alot of surveies of rosin complexs included older rosin complexs which dont reflect the current rosin complexs in usage which have improved bonding which will take to reduced failure in future surveies. Indirect buttocks inlays and onlays Indirect rosin complex, gold and ceramic inlays are indicated as indirect category 1 and 2 posterior Restorations. Indirect rosin complex, gold and ceramic onlays are indicated as indirect category 1 and 2 posterior Restorations affecting one or more cusps. Indirect posterior rosin complex inlays/onlays Indirect inlays and onlays were developed as an aesthetic option for medium and big posterior Restorations. This was done to get the better of some of the jobs associated with direct posterior Restorations. These Restorations are expensive and clip devouring to put but they have distinguishable advantages over direct posterior Restorations which aim to cut down failure. Such advantages include: 1. They have improved proximal contacts as they are developed outside the oral cavity and even if wrong can be adjusted easy. 2. They have decreased polymerization shrinking as it occurs outside the oral cavity. The lone polymerisation shrinking which occurs in oral cavity is of the double cured resin cement on cementation. This decreases microleakage and increases the strength of these restorations.17 No statistical differences in success rates at 5 old ages was seen between these and direct buttocks restorations.18 With respects to failure of these Restorations, in one study19 the failure rate of indirect rosin composite inlays and onlays was 5 % at 4-6 old ages. Fracture of the tooth or fringy ridge, and secondary cavities are the most common manners of failure, with increased failure being seen with increased Restoration size. Loss of fringy adaptation, coloring material and anatomical signifier were besides seen but did non do Restoration failure. In another study20 a failure rate of 6 % at 1 twelvemonth was seen. Failure was due to secondary cavities and loss of mush verve. Again loss of anatomical signifier and fringy adaptation were seen but did non do failure of Restorations. The operator must guarantee round internal line angles and deepness of 2mm. Depth of less than 2mm can do bulk break of Restoration particularily in onlays. Indirect posterior ceramic inlays/onlays Indirect ceramic inlays/onlays are extremely aesthetic and biocompatible indirect posterior Restorations. They have the same indicants and advantages as indirect posterior rosin composite inlays/onlays but are more expensive and are seen as less user friendly. There is a really strong bond between the rosin cement and the porelain doing it a better stuff for an onlay than rosin complex. Ceramic Restorations have the potency to have on the opposing dentitions, for this ground the operator should n’t utilize them for patients with parafuntion and teeth under high emphasiss. Loss of anatomical signifier is non a job with these Restorations. In one study21 eight out of 50 of the Restorations failed due to fracture at 3 old ages it was found that accommodation to the fitting surface and polished surfaces seemed to predispose to failure. Another 6 twelvemonth study22 found failure rate of 12 % with rosin cement and 26.3 % with gic adhering techniques. Partial break and secondary cavities were the most common grounds for failure. It was besides noted that there was increased ditching in ceramic Restoration which is likely due to differing wear rate between ceramic and tooth. Operator must guarantee equal deepness and unit of ammunition internal line angles. The operator must ever do certain that with ceramic Restorations there is contact merely in maximal intercuspation and non in inframaxillary digressive motions. Indirect posterior gold inlays/onlays Posterior cast gilded inlays and onlays have an first-class clinical path record. These Restorations have first-class wear opposition, do n’t have on the opposing dentition and have high strength. They have the same indicants and contraindications as other inlays and onlays with the exclusion that they can be used in high emphasis countries, for illustration they can be used in bruxers. The disadvantage with this type of Restoration is they are expensive, can do hypersensitivity reactions and they are n’t aesthetic. Posterior cast gilded inlays weaken the staying tooth construction and can take to cusp break. The chief manner of failure of these Restorations is secondary cavities and tooth break. One survey showed a failure rate of 14.3 % at 10 old ages with 2 and 3 surface Restorations holding lower failure rates that one surface restorations.24 When making these Restorations, particularily in bruxers, the operator must ne’er put occlusal contact at enamel/gold border, contacts must be in enamel or gold merely. Indirect buttocks Crowns Cast gold metal Crowns All metal Crowns are by and large made in the signifier of full coverage cast gilded Crown. This type of Restoration has been around for over 100 old ages and has a repute for giving the longest service of any dental restoration.25 These Restorations are really strong and biocompatible. The readying of full gold Crown is the most conservative of the full coverage Crowns, and unlike ceramic Crowns they cause no wear of opposing dentitions. Their chief drawback is their high cost and deficiency of aesthetics. These Restorations are used in dentition with extended tooth construction loss, root canal treated dentitions and due to its high strength they can be placed in bruxers. The chief cause of failure for these Restorations is wear of the metal and secondary caries.26 These Restoration seldom fail by break and tend to protect tooth construction. Surveies have shown that these Restorations have the longest endurance rates and conversely the lowest failure rates of any dental Restoration. One long term survey showed a failure rate every bit low as 4.6 % 27 while another study28 reported a 32 % failure of these Restorations over 10 old ages. Interestingly this survey reported increased failure of dramatis personae gold Crown in root treated dentitions. The operator must maintain in head opposition and keeping when fixing the tooth for these types of Restorations. All ceramic Crowns All ceramic Crown usage in posterior dentition is increasing all the clip. This tendency will go on as patient ‘s concern with aesthetics additions and development of improved strength in ceramics continues. These Restorations are extremely aesthetic, less expensive than other crown options and biocompatible. Unfortunately all ceramic Crowns have a non conservative tooth readying, have really low tensile strength and cause wear of opposing dentitions and as a consequence should non be used in bruxers or in dentitions which undergo high biting forces as they will necessarily neglect. These Restoration are typically merely used posteriorly teeth with loss of tooth construction or which have been root treated. In both instances they can merely be used where aesthetics are paramount and they wont be subjected to high emphasiss. The failure of Thursdaies Restoration in posterior dentition is the highest for all crown Restorations. Current grounds even suggests that clinicians should n’t utilize all ceramic Restorations in molars.29 Failure of these Restorations is due to secondary cavities and break of the crown Restoration. One survey showed a failure rate of 0.8 % .30 Another survey reported a 6 % failure in all ceramic Restorations after 3 years.31 Neither of these surveies are longterm survey and the were set in private pattern with individual tooth doctors transporting out work. Possibly their exceeding clinical accomplishment led to such high consequences because in a long term survey over 10 old ages in general alveolar consonant services the failure rate was 52 % . This was higher that gold or ceramometal by a big fraction.28 Just like dramatis personae metal crowns the failure rate is increased in root treated dentitions. Porcelain fussed to metal Crowns Porcelain fused to metal Crowns are the most common signifier of Crown used in dental medicine. They combine the strength of the dramatis personae metal with the aesthetics of porcelain. Their chief disadvantage is their disbursal and the fact they wear opposing dentitions so they cant be used in bruxers. Their biocompatibility is besides questionable as a little per centum of people can hold hypersensitivy reactions to the metal. It is true to state that porcelain fused to metal hold comparatively long term service.32 When they fail it is normally due to recurrent cavities or break of porcelain from the metal understructure.33 One survey showed failure of 38 % at 10 years.28 The rate of failure is increased with root treated teeth as was seen with the other two types of Crowns. Decision While Is have o How to cite Direct And Indirect Restorations Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

New Theory of Innovation Management †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the New Theory of Innovation Management. Answer: Introduction: Apples first version of the iPhone was released in 2007 when it gained over 270000 sales of the product within the first 30 hours of launching the product. In 2014, the company shipments were about $1.3 billion and above, which means that the firm is doing well. This is done by opening new retail branches in new markets such as China, Middle East, and Africa. However, the challenge is that Apple is yet to make anything or any product to replace the iPhone, because once everyone has an iPhone the probably that sales will drastically decrease. With the consideration of the fast-growing competition from other players in the mobile phone industry, who make different products consistently giving the target market a choice of the available varieties(Carlton, and Annotations. 1997). Another concern to the Apple Company is to meet the consumers expectations. Due to the brand name, people regard Apple and its products higher than other tech companies in the same industry. Every consumer is always keen for the new product the company launches due to the brilliant marketing campaigns. Still, the situation is that after the release, most people get disappointed by the features available in their gadgets, for example, the iPhone 6. Later, they come to notice that it was just another smartphone, tablet or computer in the market. For the business sector, not meeting customers expectations is a downgrade for the companys product. Another issue is the supply chain problem of the enterprise, which depends on specific suppliers to provide the material the company needs. For example, the flat panel display, DRAM, and flash memories suppliers may fail leading to losses. The problem with their low improvement of software is another issue. Like the IOS and OSX, which cost consumers a lot of money, the quality of advancement was low, and instead, the new software systems came with a lot of bugs and defects, lowering the company standards. The financial situation in the company is constant, but Apples several profitability ratios approve the companys existing business activities and economic accomplishment being sustained by its stellar sales increments in recent years has a brighter future ahead. Profitability ratio indicates various factors that support towards making a profit, for example, the net profit margin, return on assets and equity. The organization's stock closed at $94.02 per share in February 2016, which was close to about its $92 to $134.54 per share. The organizations quarterly income report of the financial duration finished in December 2015 demonstrated that its iPhone deal ascended below 1% compared with the past year rate, the items lowest year over year sales development. Apples present estimate proportions are to a high degree appealing on account of its value drop (Caldwell, 2016) Key success factors of Apple Inc. With all the competition in the industry of technology, Apple has managed to remain at the top of the list regarding profits gained and innovation. This is because of the following:- The ability to keep things simple, Apple Inc. has only one iPhone model which they keep advancing over time, compared to other players in the industry who have a variety of smartphone model. That, in turn, lowers the focus in development and innovation. This aspect helps the company thrive in the market by providing upgrades features to its customers who can keep track (Andre, et al. 2009). The company holds a lot of scrutinies before they make any release, the measuring standard that was developed by Steve Jobs to help the companys product to be of quality and appealing to the customers and the company itself. The simplicity of the products, and the customer service provided at any Apple store. The fact that the company improves its features in their products, they always make it to the simplest form. For example, the user interface of the first Apple phone to the current are almost the same yet with allot of improvements. Also the instance after sale service and the sales person customer service, for example when one gets into an apple store, they dont ask how can I help you? instead they ask what do you want to do today?. Making everyone feel as if they are an asset as opposed to liability. Which also points out the reason as to why new customers do 50% of Apple sales (David, 2011.). External and Internal Environment The environmental factors are issues that affect the business, and the business, on the other hand, has no power to control them. The competition in the industry, where the tech market is being reshaped from numerous points of view, is high. Evidence in software and hardware distribution takes new angles. To reach the target market, a lot of money should be used to force innovation rooms in all companies to keep up with the competition, which affects every play in the market, because new inventions only last for about a month and another enticing and better tech is launched. Such situation makes a small company to lose a lot of capital in the research department of the implemented innovation, and it has no time to earn more revenue and compensate the costs, and it also intensifies the competition farther (Rothaermel, 2015). The risk for new entrance in the industry of smartphones, software application, and computers is moderate as the cost of establishing a company in this area is extremely high, limiting most investors to venture in. The brand name is another challenging factor. For example, to earn a brand name, Samsung, Microsoft, or HP, it takes a lot of capital to produce a quality product and time to make a portion in the market share. New entrants are unable to compete, although some new companies like Chines firms who fetch financial support from the government and better financial institution have the ability to challenge the old and established companies. The probability of such competitors is low in the future. However, it is important for Apple to continuously strengthen the competitive situation through new product creation and establishing brand loyalty, generating a competitive advantage over the new companies. The providers power is based on the potential ability of individuals to affect the pricing of products in the market. The bargaining power of vendors is rather weak in the market areas where the Apple products operate. This is brought about by the potential barriers of the new entrance, which reduces the competition in the industry. Also, the manufacturers of its parts suppliers, for example, the creators of laptop processors, are themselves extremely competitive. Giving the advantage to the big companies like Samsung and Apple, a reduced cost in the exchange of one supplier for another to be rather low, without any significant obstacle. Plus, this type of the companies is major customers. With regards to some sales recorded by tech companies, it projects the strengths in purchasing power of the consumers, for instance, the amount of revenue collected by Apple with less than two days, on their first iPhone generation. The customers power mostly works with the ability of consumers to control the prices. The control is influenced by the number of buyers or clients, the value every client has, and the cost of the change of a particular companys product to the alternative. The lesser and much powerful a customer base is the more influence it holds. The Threat of Substitute Products This kind of market force is relatively small although competitors keep on producing an alternative substitute for the other companys product, even though they never get to create a replica, they pose a threat to the market share of the other company. For instance, if a client relies on a particular firm to deliver a device or service that can be substituted for another companys product or just by doing the task manually and this substitution is cheap and easy to do, the companys power can be faded over time In the technology industry, Apple has had its best share in earning a positive recognition from the people. Investors have also regarded it as a favorable company to invest in, due to its strong returns brought by the consistency of high revenue growth. This places the companys future on a brighter side as competitors in the industry have to fight the external factors that face the industry. Apple has an upper hand in overcoming competitors based on the financial comfort in establishing and running the business, a better innovation center which is well financed and the aspect that they have the acceptance of their product in the market compared to the new companies. With the growing technology industry, the company can enter into many market scopes, such as music players and online stores. It can improve on warranty and regulate its price charges. This will help challenge other players in the market based on the kind of quality the company products are. The company can invest more in the online stores and upgrade the Apple TV. The sales are expected to increase based on the ITV aspect that they intend to launch. Interventions in the process of organizational change Apple is one of the most famous firms in the world; the company forces can be used to address the weakness; this can be done through the exploitation of the strengths to improve the shortcomings. The company can use the well-known and established brand name to innovate new products and gadgets that will not need much of marketing, like the new entrance companies may require, and by this, it will be in opposition to capture large portions of the target market. Another aspect that favors the company is that it is the leading company in innovation. It can help the company earn more revenue, by establishing new and user-friendly products in the already based loyal customers and also attract more people because of the high-quality products they produce. It will directly increase the revenue of the company(Nonala, and Kenney, 1991). The company should not be comfortable with the high sales and profits it makes. Instead, it should set higher targets making its products available in new market areas, like Africa where the product is less popular. The company should also ensure a premium pricing strategy, intended to increase the market share from people who perceive Apple products as pricey. The other recommendation is that the Apple innovation center should by the pace setter in the technology industry, with the move projected in helping the company to stay top of the list in innovations. Since people always by the trendy thing in the market. Venturing into new markets for any company is a risky move to take, based on the uncertainty of the market. Also, new market areas provide a range of opportunities, from new ideas, experience to the sales and profits gathered. This can be done through intense marketing and striking deals with other electronic retailers and also by selling their products at a particular cost as it would increase sales (Nielsen, 1989.). The pricing issues will also help promote sales and profits. The company can consider the strategy to sell more items at a less price than selling fewer items at a higher price. Also the fact that the new generation wants to be trendy at all times, and by the fact that Apple can provide the big thing regarding features, ability, and quality, they can confidently wait to see profits increase. Impact of the changes Intense modifications in the technology filled is the biggest threat, which Apple and its rivals face nowadays. As consumers have turned out to be more innovation aware, with the need to increase the number of new technological items, they only stay viable for a very short time and later outdone. Organizations will face a lot of burdens to keep up with the changes, which increase the rivalry to high levels. Intense competition is another challenge in the new market areas when venturing in; this is because most of the companies have settled, and have provided the service for a long time, where the already have a target market with loyal customers (Martin, 1975.) With the increased taxations from the government. The reduction of product prices may be an effect on the companys net profit caused by the high tax. And operation cost which is all on the increase in recent times. Recommendations The company should invest more in the market research, to lower the competition in the new markets, by this the company will understand the shortcomings of the other competitor's products. The market research will also help develop a pricing strategy that will favor the consumers/customers and the company without developing any crises in the net profit earned. By providing and improving the technology research center at the company, will help to solve the technological changes problem that the firm is facing. This would be achieved through the introduction of new ideas in the human resource department where the employees are the best in terms of creativity and development so as to stay ahead of the competitors in the industry. Conclusion Apple faces a lot of threats from other competitors. For example, the iTunes platform is one of the great inventions the company has derived up with other platforms like YouTube where users can download music for free. It poses a significant fall for the iTunes. The same case is with the Android OS, which is cheaper compared to the Apples IOS. The government also keeps increasing its revenue for the company. Implementing its opportunities, Apple has a brighter future. It can add more features to the current products for greater quality and compatibility. This applies to the rigidity of products the firm should try to make its products flexible to reach a larger market. For instance, most software that the company produces is not compatible with windows of Android operating systems(Caldwell, 2016.). Bibliography Andre, B.K., Coster, D.J., De Iuliis, D., Howarth, R.P., I've, J.P., Kerr, D.R., Nishibori, S., Rohrbach, M.D., Salzger, D.B., Seid, C.O. and Stringer, C.J., 2009. Media device. U.S. Patent D601, 583. Caldwell, J.R., Mx Technologies, Inc., 2016. Display screen or portion thereof with a graphical user interface. U.S. Patent D751, 108. Carlton, J. and Annotations-Kawasaki, G., 1997. Apple: The inside story of intrigue, egomania, and business blunders. Random House Inc. David, F.R., 2011. Strategic Management: Concepts and cases. Peaeson/Prentice Hall. Linzmayer, O.W., 2004. Apple Confidential 2.0: The definitive history of the world's most colorful company. No Starch Press. Martin, R.L., Bell Telephone Labor Inc, 1975. Computer monitoring system. U.S. Patent 3,906,454. Mullane, J.V., 2002. A mission statement is a strategic tool: when used properly. Management Decision, 40(5), pp.448-455. Nielsen, J., 1989. Coordinating user interfaces for consistency. ACM Sigchi Bulletin, 20(3), pp.63-65. Nonala, I. and Kenney, M., 1991. Towards a new theory of innovation management: A case study comparing Canon, Inc. and Apple Computer, Inc. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 8(1), pp.67-83. Pfeffer, J. and Veiga, J.F., 1999. Putting people first for organizational success. The Academy of Management Executive, 13(2), pp.37-48. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015. Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

The Osage Orange Tree Peer Pressure Essay Example For Students

The Osage Orange Tree Peer Pressure Essay The Osage Orange Tree Peer Pressure Essay Peer Pressure in The Osage Orange Tree The Osage Orange Tree by William Stafford tells a story of how peer pressure kept 2 people apart who wanted to like each other.The narrator of the story liked one of his classmates but was afraid to show that he liked her.He didnt have the maturity at the beginning of the story to go against peer pressure. We will write a custom essay on The Osage Orange Tree Peer Pressure specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Peer pressure was involved with Evangeline being shunned because she was poor.Her faded blue dress set her apart from the rest of the students. SHe only had two dresses.The narrator stated, she had changed from the dark heavy dress to the dull blue of the last fall (370).The narrartor described her house as gray and lopsided (374). Her house had no running water.There was a grayish white place on the ground where the dishwater had been thrown out (374).Probably none of the students were wealthy in the story, but Evangeline was poorer than most of the Students. Peer pressue dictated that Evangeline should be avoided.She was avoided by the others because she was different.She was standing near the corner looking everywhere but at the crowd (369).The narrator himself said, I might talk to her, I thought.But of course it was out of the question (371).The author didnt talk to her at school but he would at the tree. The next day at school I didnt ask whether her father wanted to take the paper(370).He was afraid to be seen with her.The narrator asked himself, could anyone in the house have been watching.I looked back once(370).Peer pressure prevented the narrator from socializing with Evangeline at school. Sometimes peer pressue involves people making fun of each other. Although the narrator never made fun of Evaneline, other people did.She was made fun of with such comments as, Why look at Evangeline- that old dress has a new belt.Stop a minute Evangelin, let me see you new dress.It is cute dear (372).The narrator never came to the defense of Evangeline when those remarks were being made. Due to peer pressure and lack of maturity, the narrator in The Osage Orange Tree missed an opportunity of permanently befriending Evangeline. Evangeline was poor, avoided, and made fun of.It is not until the conclusion of the story that the writer discovers how much Evangeline lked him.She stole from her bank to purchase newspapers from the narrator (373) in order to have an excuse to visit with him every day.He discoverd too late that the newspapers were thrown under the bridge and never actually read by her father. .

Cross Cultural Perspectives essays

Cross Cultural Perspectives essays Assignment in Cross Cultural Perspectives As a result of possessing two very different cultural backgrounds (German, Uruguayan) we have chosen to select the most crucial points of cultural clashes between European and South American cultures and analyze both, the practical and theoretical issues which are involved. Due to the strict word limit, just three concepts are discussed in detail. - The concept of cultural complexity - And as a cultural characteristic the issue of time The Kolbenschmidt AG, a German supplier for the automotive industry owns a subsidiary in Uruguay named Santa Rosa Auto Motores. Mr. Hedden, the General Manager from Kolbenschmidt is not satisfied with the recent sales figures from Santa Rosa in Uruguay. He decides to send Dr. Lser, a very experienced and trusted sales manager with excellent Spanish skills to Uruguay, in order to replace the current sales manager. Seeing it as a challenge, Dr. Lser accepts the job despite the fact of having no previous experience in the South American market. Mr. Hernandez, Santa Rosas local general manager agrees to Mr. Heddens plan after a fierce discussion regarding the introduction of a foreign manager in the completely Uruguayan staffed company. At his first day in office he finds Mr. Hernandez absent due to heavy bronchitis and therefore introduces himself directly to his 10 subordinates. He is surprised that all employees introduce themselves with their first name. Due to his superior rank he decides, as usual in Germany to stick to his last name and title. He realizes that the atmosphere is tense but he is sure that this will improve during the first couple of weeks. He decides to ask the key account salesman Cesar Rodriguez to come in his office to discuss market trends and sales forecasts but finds him on the phone. Dr. Lser: Cesar, please come and see me in my office and bring the newest sales forecast! Cesar...

Answer the questions below Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer the questions below - Assignment Example If there is genetic diversity in the colony, the work will be made easy since we can get some honeybees adapted for various functions. Hence, the productivity will increase, as well as economic benefits of this colony. Relating this idea to the overall idea of the book, we need diverse talents to construe a nations economic benefits. Even during the war, for a nations troop to do well, we cannot war be an individuals work. Theres need for various people with various talents that will work together to win the war. In as much as theres need for good fighters in the troop, there is an equal need for good planners, commanders, cooks, information gatherers, weather specialists, logisticians and support staff to work together to win the war. To my interpretation, we need one another in everything that we do. One cannot consider himself to be good in a particular field without the help of the others. We, therefore, need to involve a diversity of talents in managing change that will spur our economic growth. Therefore, all our success should be dedicated to other people who worked together with us to ensure we achieved the success. When we go alone, we tend to tire so fast that failure results. Zhao, in his writings, consider the use of comparison to putting emphasis on ideas and make them clear for his readers. He drives his points home very easily just by the use of comparisons. For instance, when he compared the genetic diversity of the honeybees with the required talent diversity in a war troop, it becomes very easy for his readers to understand the concept just by making the

E-marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

E-marketing - Essay Example Individual companies and organizations have developed websites that are aimed at reaching a considerable number of the target market. These websites have had their flaws and thus, the need to improve or adopt a different website that is of attraction to the user. A number of strategies have been proposed to improve the look and feel of the website such as using different advertising strategies and search engine optimization. Majority of online stores use e-marketing as a tool to advertise and sell their products and services, in this study, the website of Amazon.com will be analyzed, and suggestions offered in regard to the website. Although the company has done much on the website, there are a few things to be added and others improved. For example, the company can consider including mobile phone technology in its payment system. The organization can also take measures to allow users access its services through their smartphones. In addition, the company can engage Search Engine Opt imization in order to ensure that it gets the most traffiick which may end up being transformed to customers. E-marketing: Amazon Introduction Jeff Bozos founded Amazon.com in 1994, and the company has grown quickly to become a successful e-commerce company (business) in the universe. Today, the company is among the Fortune 500 companies and of the biggest online retailers in United States. Unlike, the other companies, such as e-bay which do online auction, the focus of Amazon.com has been on retail sale. Amazon.com has grown in the world in a rapid rate and has become one of the famous retailing website in the universe. The success of Amazon.com is attributed to its consumer friendly website interface and inventive tools that assist the consumers such as offering lists of popular books, the recommendation system, and lists of the best sellers (Wong 2009). Amazon is one of the first businesses to sell products embedded in their long chain through housing them in their many warehouses. It also distributes products from the numerous partner companies. Amazon acts as a medium or directly sells a wide range of products. These p roducts include consumer electronics, videos, music, clothing, household products, and books. Most of products sold are done through Amazon, however, majority of them are from third-party sellers (CrunchBase 2012). In this essay, Amazon.com website will be analyzed in terms of how it markets its products, and how it can improve online sales for its products. Suggestions to improve its online sales of product such as Search Engine Optimization and advertising strategies will be discussed in detail. Website Analysis The success of Amazon is as a direct consequence of the strong user shopping experience. There are several features that make the Amazon shopping experience a model worth to be imitated by e-commerce developers. The shopping experience of Amazon starts on the home page where user or shopper is visually informed of the two-fold purposes of the website; to inform customers of available products and their characteristics and to direct customers toward purchasing the products. Apart from the disorderly layout and several clean distinct components that attract the eye of the user, the shopping/search controls at the top, and the navigation section on the upper left stand out in the Amazon home page. With such components highlighted, the two-fold aim of the Amazon website is achieved when the user is capable of quickly finding and purchasing products, and the seller is capable of quickly processing online purchases and making a profit (Webdesigner depot 2009). The online shopping and product search are very conspicuous even for an individual who has visited the website for the first

Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Communication Methods Research Paper

Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Communication Methods - Research Paper Example In a meeting, the manager or the supervisor gets the opportunity to communicate with the employees who also have the chance to discuss the issue. However, meetings are time consuming since they take much time as the ideas contributed are analyzed and a specific one settled upon. This provides one of the best ways of reducing company expenses through reduced travel expenses (Gilmore, 2012). However, this method may be challenging for the company at first because it takes significant resources to set up. If an employee is repetitively behaving in a way that is against the organization’s culture, then as the manager, I would use face to face communication since immediate reply from the specific employee is essential. In addition, as the manager, I would have to show the employee that the continuous irresponsibility would not be tolerated in the organization. Therefore, it would make a greater impact if I would address them directly. If I want to ensure that the employees are well aware of an existing company event, it would be effective if I would pass this information during the meetings. This is because all employees attend these meetings. In addition, this eliminates the expenses that would be incurred if other methods such as telephone were used. If one of my clients were considering signing up with a competitor, I would telephone call to deal with the case. This is because such issues are critical because they could expose the company’s competitive advantage compromising its ability to remain competitive in the market. Therefore, I would call the customer and request for a reason behind the change of mind so that I could help in improving the company and possibly retain the client. On the other hand, if I had several bids on a piece of equipment and needed a management decision on its purchase, I would result to using video conferencing to deal with the current case.

Consumer Behaviour in Fashion Industry

Consumer Behaviour in Fashion Industry David Holloway had always been rather rebellious and he continued to be so during his time studying fashion. However, he produced annual collections which stunned his teachers with their inventiveness and attention to detail. During his time at college David developed his skill as a tailor, so in his leaving collection (2005), the output was not only inventive, it was also technically very well made. David was employed by a major fashion house and spent two years producing ground-breaking designs, elevating the house from the simply sophisticated to the cutting edge of fashion. David was in demand on the UK fashion scene. He was runner up in the Fashion Designer of the Year competition in 2007, having been the winner of Best New Fashion Designer of the Year in 2006, but as he was often said awards dont necessarily put money in the till. Freeway fashion ltd designed and manufactured David Holloways designs for sale at a range of specialist high and retail outlets and also created designs for more mid market outlets on a commission basis. The 2008/2009 revenue year had been difficult for freeway fashion ltd. No new ideas were seen in the offerings at the spring 2010 collection and sales were static. In spite of having scarce time, information, and resources, I have tried my best to fulfill all the requirements of the report and sought to apply my knowledge of Consumer behavior as a process. Jump to:   TASK 1 7 Introduction Fashion Consumer motivation Importance of fashion in peoples lives TASK 2 14 Role of celebrities in the adoption Stimuli TASK 3 19 Way to deal with changing profile customer Innovators of fashion design Reference group theory TASK 4 28 Research method for Freeway Fashion Ltd Sample frame Non- consumer research method TASK 5 39 Monitory system for Freeway fashion ltd Problem statement: Based on information it is possible to acquire, draw up a picture of fashion clothing market (both male and female) in a country of your choice. Some of the general areas you might consider include: What is fashion and how is it manifested in the clothing market? What are the consumer motivations for being and staying in fashion? Why is fashion important in peoples lives? Introduction: Fashion is always changed by social and cultural attitude, place, time etc. Fashion designers design fashion by considering customers needs, current situation and a wide range of colors, patterns, and styles.  [1]  Here is a complete picture of clothing market in Bangladesh. Fashion: Fashion a general term for a currently popular style or practice especially in clothing. Fashion clothes express a person who is he or she what he or she value. Fashion is always changing slightly elusive, extreme, and seductive. It has the power to change an image and create a social statement.  [2]  The fashion industry is the product of modern age. From the designers perspective the key was keeping in tune with all dynamic changes happening in the market and then translating those into required products when the customer acknowledge. Ancient Bengali fashion garments generally used unstitch although Bengali knew regarding sewing. Bangladeshi female wears traditional clothing such as sari. There are various styles of fashion clothing available in Bangladeshi market. The fashion market of Bangladesh is witnessing strong growth owing to a young population, an increase in disposable incomes, which is leading to increase in consumption and thus the rapid growth in organisation retail. Characteristics to manifest fashion in clothing market: Clothing is one of the codes for reading society. Selecting the right clothes is the first and foremost step in creating an overall style statement. The fashion magazines and the fashion shows are of great help determining what is chosen or not.  [3]   Fashion is manifested by constant change in form where the function remains constant. In clothing market, fashion is always change by consumers buying motivation factors and decision making process. In Bangladesh, the fashion clothing is manifested by the different ways of thinking, social groups, and motivation factors etc. the culture of fashion is inextricably linked to a place or social senses to a community and in clothing market. Fashion is concerned, time and space matter. The fashion market is apposite for exploring the problem posed by market behaviour as it relates to creativity. The fashion industry is manifested in several ways. The external sociological factors have influences on customer such as family, friends, neighbor, other informal and noncommercial sources, social class and cultural and subcultural memberships. Demographic characteristics will affect both the type of clothing that individuals will consume fashion:  [4]   Age: this remains one of the main determinants of peoples buying behaviour despite social changes which have taken place, such as the slump in teenage fashion. Gender: also an important factor affecting a persons choice of clothing, gender remains important since there are very few genuinely unisex fashion item even jeans are advertised as either feminine or masculine. Occupation: clothing can be chosen to reflect ones professional status and choice of buying. Economics circumstances Social class Consumer motivation: Consumer motivation is an internal state that derives person to choose and buy products or services which fulfill conscious and unconscious desire or needs. The fulfillment of those demands can then motivate them to make a repeat purchase or to find different goods and services to better fulfillment those desires.  [5]   In Bangladesh, the fashion clothing market depends on how necessary a purchase is to an individual his motivational levels may vary from low to high. Motivational factors include familiarity with purchase, status factors and overall expense and value. The hierarchy of needs of Maslow (1970) provides a framework within which to explore the role that fashion plays in driving and motivating. Maslows hierarchy of needs Physiological needs: Physiological needs are those required to sustain life. These is prompt the purchase of a winter coat in winter season by a person. This model may appear slightly out dated in todays fashion society continually consumers are finding it easier to satisfy this lower level need leading to greater emphasis being placed upon how they are viewed in fashion society. Safety needs: These relate to both physical and emotional safety, although this may in general be a minor issue for fashion marketers. Some purchases will involve a high level of safety consciousness, such as taking into account the flammability of children nightwear. Here consumers feels to purchase good clothes. Social groups: Consumer social needs includes love, affection, belonging and acceptance from: Groups Family Roles and status Social needs can exert a powerful influence on fashion purchase, as is exemplified by the complex issues involved in the teenage purchase of T-shirts.  [6]   Esteem needs: This implies the need for recognition from others. Prestige or the wish to enhance consumers reputation is a motivating force across the whole fashion spectrum, from street fashion to haute couture.  [7]   Need for self-actualisation: This is often interpreted as the expression of creativity or some type of spiritual fulfillment. The fashion consumers can be observed by this motivational force at work in both the creative dresser. Consumer maintains the high Image enhancement Social uniqueness Importance of fashion in peoples lives: Fashion seems to be ubiquities and a permanent dimension of human behaviour. Fashion is new delight for consumer. Fashion is something which is special we deal with everyday. Clothes create a wordless means of communication that we all understand.  [8]   Express personality: Fashion is a way by which consumers can express their personality. So it is easier to judge and realize others personality by the help of fashion. Social uniqueness: people always seek to be unique. It is easier to express or act uniquely if one strongly maintain own fashion avoided criticism. Image enhancement: fashion is important because it allows consumers to project the image that they want others to see. Consumer can enhance their beauty by wearing fashion clothes. Spread culture: Fashion play an important part in our culture. In Bangladesh, women think of saris sari is not only worn in Bangladesh these days but others countries such as Mexico and African people love to wear saris to get the feel of Indian subcontinent culture. Increasing confident: Fashion is required to make the consumer feel the best. When somebody wears fashionable clothes that fit his or her properly and it can add a boost of confidence. Position in society: fashion is required to make position the consumer in his or her society. Fashion clothes increases the social status of a consumer who wears fashionable clothes. Fashion has become a part of our life. Nobody can remain untouched without fashion. People must have some idea and kind of fashion to show their existence in present society. It is very important at all the time and no one cant think or stay without fashion whoever is conscious. Task 2 Problem statement: What is the role of celebrity and peer pressure in the adoption of fashion clothing? What are the stimuli for purchase? What is the role played by the mass media? Adoption of fashion: fashion adoption is an important concept in the fashion industry. Fashion is defines as a style of clothes or behaviour in the latest style. Fashion adoption is not related to age, education or marital status, i.e. demographic variables, but is corrected with fashion purchasing, magazine, readership, and frequency of shopping for clothes. Role of celebrities in the adoption of fashion clothing: Celebrities have greatly influenced consumers in this decade. International stars like Medona, Beyonce and Sara Jessica Parker have become more influential role models for customers. Celebrities provide role models by which people can judge themselves and can be used as images to which they can aspire.  [9]   Brand awareness: celebrities create brand awareness among consumers and peoples life style. Fashion image: fashion image relates consumers perception about fashions favorable, unique, and strong related associated that fashion products might benefit from. Celebrities help consumers for enhancing their images. In fashion, consumers follow a certain norm in order to get the majority style of trends. Celebrities take place the eye of the world updating on what fashion they have adopted. New trend: latest fashion trends are always started on what fashion clothes are worn by the celebrities and models. Enhance uniqueness: celebrities always have their own identity in creating their own style of fashion. So consumers try to make self uniqueness learning the celebrities life. Role of peer pressure in the adoption of fashion clothing: Peer is generally acknowledger siblings or friend.  [10]  They are some people that an individual keep in mind when making a purchase. Peer groups are important because they inform and make individuals aware of specific products and brand for adopting fashion. Peer influence on the attitudes, thoughts, and actions of an individual. Peer influence on products purchase decision. Encouraging the person to change their attitude and help to get the new fashion. Peer pressure is probably the strongest influence on adolescent brand choices which is symbolic good for clothes and adoption fashion.  [11]   Stimuli Stimuli: Stimuli are events in environment that influence behaviour.  [12]  Consumer buying behaviour is influenced by numerous factors. Decision making questions such as what, why, how, where and when consumers buy are influenced by three major conditions. Stimuli for purchase are a mechanism to bring into entropy the four different images of self defined by Freud. Freuds theory of personality is based on the idea that much of consumer behaviour in fashion is determined by forces outside awareness. Personality stereotypes may change overtime.  [13]  There are three levels of awareness: conscious mind, preconscious mind, subconscious mind.  [14]   The id: The id is the Freudian structure of personality that consists of unconscious nature.  [15]  This id is conceptualized as a warehouse of primitive and impulsive drives. Here consumer has no real perception reality and seeks to satisfy his or her needs. The super ego: The super ego is conceptualized as the individuals internal expression of societys moral and ethical codes of conduct. In this stage the individuals satisfies needs in a socially acceptable fashion. The ego: The ego is a consumers conscious control. The ego is based on the reality principle.  [16]  The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind. Freuds personality theory of consumer personality believe that customer drives are largely unconscious and that consumers are primarily unaware of their true reasons for buying fashion products what they buy. The role of mass media: The mass media, including all types of TV channels, radio, paper, newspaper always play a vital role in our modern fashion life. They have changed our life very much. Mass media affects consumers fashion by showing celebrities fashion life, fashion shows etc Mass media have a great contribution to shape consumers ways of thinking. Mass media increases our awareness about fashion by when we watch on TV, radio. Task 3 Problem statement: Fashionable products often have difficulty remaining fashionable. This question addresses: How do fashion based companies deal with changing customer profiles for their products? Who are the innovators and early users of fashion products? Explain the role of COO (country of origin) effect in relation to fashion design and outsourced manufacturing? What influence does reference group theory have on the possession and brand fashion goods? Ways to deal with changing profile customer: Fashion based companies need to deal with their changing profile customer for their existing and new products. These companies should consider ways to grow the fashion market via existing and new products, in existing and new markets. Market penetration: (existing market and existing product) This strategy is seeking a larger market share in a market in which organisation has already offerings.  [17]   Attracting buyers of competing offerings(fashionable product) Stimulating fashion product trial among potential customers Product Existing new Fashion Market penetration Fashion Product development Fashion Market development Fashion Diversification Existing Market New Fig: 4Ps of marketing mix Product development: ( existing market ands and new product) Fashion companies create new offering for existing fashion markets. Product augmentation- enhances the value to customer of existing fashion clothes. Product line extension- broad the existing line of offering by adding different trend, sizes, forms, colors etc. Fashion market development : (new market, existing product) Fashion companies are introducing its existing offerings to customers than other those that the fashion company is currently serving. Carefully consider competitor strengths and weakness and competitor relation potential Modification of the basic offering Change in sales effort and advertising Diversification: (new market, new offering) Fashion companies can develop of offerings new and introduce those offerings to new customers not previously served by these organisations. Growing trend in recent years. Fashion companies also include following factors to deal with customers: Branding: Positioning is how a product appears in relation to other products in market.  [18]  Brand can be positioned against competitors brand. Observational research: It is a social research technique that involves the direct observation in natural setting. It is very flexible to researchers because they can change their approach whenever they want. Fashion based company can deal with this strategy by researching the actual wants and needs of customer.  [19]   CRM (Customer relationship management): CRM strategy helps the fashion based companies improve the profitability of their interaction with customers. To succeed with CRM companies need to match products and campaigns to prospects and customers life cycle. Fashion companies can gather customer data by CRM Market analysis: Fashion companies should analyse the market by following dimension: Market size Market growth rate Market profitability Distribution channel Trend Key factor success Decision: Fashion based company always need to deal with present customer and also they want to cope the new customer or competitor customer. to increase the customer growth rate, company should make perfect strategy for staying core customer and changing fashion image of organisation. Innovators of fashion products: Innovators are early users of fashion products. The adoption process begins with a tiny numbers of visionary, imaginative innovations. They are the first individual to adopt an innovation. Innovators are:  [20]   Willing to take risk Youngest in age Have the highest social status Have great financial lucidity Social Closest contact to scientific sources More cosmopolitan More self confident Better educated More active outside of their community, etc. Early users of fashion products: Early users are the second fastest category of individuals who adopt fashion products. Early users are: Younger in age Higher social class or status Well educated Socially forward than late adopters Reliant on group norms and values than innovators. More likely to be opinion leaders because of their close affiliation groups. Country of Origin: Country of origin is the country of manufacture, production or growth where products comes from.  [21]   Role of COO effect in fashion design: Differentiating products from the competitors  [22]   Impact on consumers quality perceptions of products: brand image, brand personality, brand associations, communication messages influence the perception of customers about the quality of a brand.  [23]   Preference for and willingness to buy products Effect of affinity and animosity toward the country of origin: country associations do lead to customer bias. Such bias is based on the image of the country in customers minds. Economy, technology, wealth index, regulatory mechanisms, government, business history of any country makes up the image of a country on the customers mind. Consumers product evaluations and choice: The very reason a company indulges in branding is to assist customers in making purchase decisions by providing cues on quality, credibility and value about a product. Effect of country-of-association Consumers state of familiarity about the product: As the COO information is available, consumers will view it as relevant information and deliberately use it in their evaluation of products. Whether fashion clothing is considered as luxury good to the consumers Exert its influence on product judgment.  [24]   Role of Country of Origin (COO) in outsourced manufacturing: Decrease in production costs  [25]   Flexibility Technological advantages Use of advanced skills Global competition Reference group theory: A reference group is group of people (or even one person) which provides a point of comparison or reference for the consumer in the formation of values and attitudes, which in turn affect buying behaviour.  [26]   Reference-group theory asserts that peoples self-evaluations are determined not only by their objective position but also by their standing relative to specific persons with whom they compare. Because an individuals self-evaluations can rise or fall depending on which group he looks to when making comparative judgments, specifying the conditions under which people select one or another comparative reference-group would appear to be vital to a more complete elaboration of reference-group theory.  [27]   Influences of reference group theory on the possession and brand of fashion goods: Reference group influence has been treated as a multinational construct based on the assumption that influence can occur for different motivational reasons. The two types of social influence systems are: Normative social influence: it is the desire to confirm to the expectations of another person or group.  [28]   Informational social influence: it is an influence to accept information obtained from another as evidence about reality.  [29]   Influences of reference group theory are: Influence on marketing studies Influence on the attitudes of those individuals who apply it as a reference point for evaluating their own fashion.  [30]   Influence on consumers evaluation, aspirations, or behavior  [31]   Influence on product selection, brand evaluation and choice, brand loyalty, and perceptions of product quality. Reference groups can be critical source of brand meaning. Consumers use reference group as a source of information for adopting fashion. Consumers may form self brand connections to the brands used by reference groups to which they belong. Consumer may avoid associations derived from groups to which reference groups do not belong. Task 4 Problem statement: Based on where Freeway Fashions are positioned in the market, what forms of market research would you recommend they use in order to stay up to date with cutting edge fashion trends? How you would derive your customer sample frame(s) and what might they be asked? How would you deal with trade and retail opinion? What forms of additional non customer research would you recommend to the company? Should Delphi method type research techniques be consider? Research method for freeway fashion Ltd: Freeway fashion ltd was born in September 2007.freeway fashion designed and manufactured David Holloways designs for sale at a range of specialist high and retail outlets and also created designs for mid market outlets on a commission basis. The economic regression began to affect the fashion industry and Davids second year was no lucrative as first years. The two reasons for declined the profit are people were more careful in their purchase and Davids design was attracting only a different types of people. From the above evaluation of positioned market of Freeway Fashion ltd, I have to recommend following research method for this fashion company to stay up to date with cutting edge fashion trends. Consumer researchers today use two different types of research methodology: Quantitative research: It is descriptive in nature and is used to by researchers to understand the effects of various promotional inputs on the consumer, thus enabling researchers to predict the consumer behaviour.  [32]  Freeway fashion ltd enable to predict the consumer demand by using quantitative research method. This method consists of: experiments, survey techniques, and observation Qualitative method: Qualitative research method includes depth interview, focus group, metaphor analysis, collage research and projective techniques. Freeway fashion ltd administer this techniques by highly trained interviewer. This method helps to find out new ideas, develop promotional strategy.  [34]   The major steps in the consumer market research include  [35]   Define the objectives of research: it is first and difficult step for Freeway Fashion ltd to carefully design the objective. Objectives help to define the type and level of information needed.  [36]   To segment the market for Freeway Fashion ltd offerings To assess consumers attitude towards this organisation services and quality Collecting secondary data: secondary data includes both external and internal data. It can be obtained cheaply. Freeway fashion ltd should collect the data from buyer and also from external fashion consumer market. The sources of secondary data: Internal sources Governmental sources Periodicals, magazines, books Commercial data Designing primary research: if Freeway fashion ltd needs descriptive information then it undertakes quantitative method. If this organisation needs new ideas such as positioning or repositioning of fashion clothing then it undertakes qualitative research.  [

The Round, Flat, and Stock Characters of Rip Van Winkle :: Rip Van Winkle Essays

One particular criterion character effectively supports the central idea in â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† by Washington Irving. The character's type develops with the personality development throughout the story. Three types of characters: round, flat, and stock, appear in most stories. The round character displays a fully developed personality and full emotions. Flat characters, also known as supporting characters, do not develop fully or express complex emotions. A stock character, also known as a stereotype, fits an established characterization from real life or literature. With these three types of characters leading the reader through the story, the reader learns the events taking place as well as the changes in the character’s lives. The author keeps the reader informed of the changes affecting the characters throughout the narrative through style. When a character undergoes a fundamental change in nature or personality during the story, the character has dynamic style. H owever, a character without change defines a static character. Although all characters have a style and type sometimes understanding the differences appears complicated. A chart often helps establish a better understanding of character type and style.    The author uses one main character, at most, two; only the protagonist and the antagonist exist as major characters. â€Å"Rip Van Winkle†, Washington Irving uses one main character to play both the role of the protagonist and the antagonist. In paragraph three lines, six and seven, the reader meets the protagonist. â€Å"†¦a simple good-natured fellow of the name of Rip Van Winkle† In paragraphs five and nine, lines one and two, and one and four, respectively, the reader encounters the antagonist. â€Å"The great error in Rip’s composition was an insuperable aversion for all kinds of labor.† â€Å"†¦Rip would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound.† Even though, in both cases where the reader encounters Rip Van Winkle, Rip only counts as one main character. Characterization occurs when the author draws an overall picture of the characters. Characterization happens in two ways in literature, by description and personality. The auth or uses the words a story to describe a character or imply the appearance of the characters through the text of the story. Introducing the personality of the character to the reader in words give or describe the personality of the characters or the words used imply certain things about the character. The protagonist in â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† the reader first meets in paragraph three, lines seven and eight, â€Å"†¦ a simple good-natured fellow of the name of Rip Van Winkle.